Nahida Ruth Lazarus was a German-Jewish cultural and literary critic, author, journalist, and essayist who was born in Berlin to a German-Christian family and converted to Judaism in 1895. She is best known for her published source book, The Jewish Woman (1891), a product of her fundamental interest in both feminism and Judaism that remains an important text for women’s and gender studies.

Born in Berlin, Sophie von Grotthuss grew up with a mother who resented her Judaism and who married her off at fifteen into an unhappy relationship. In her later years she became a prolific author, but only a few of her works, including a story and a play, have survived.

Polish writer Lucie Domeier is best known for her work critiquing the portrayal and role of women, especially as presented in literature. She wrote several books in the early nineteenth century, most notably her critique in German of Germaine de Staël’s De l’Allemagne, which often addressed the challenges faced by women authors.